Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great. ALEXANDER THE GREATAlexander the Great was viewed as a virtuoso and the best winner of the old style times. He played numerous parts and had the option to recognize those in regular day to day existence. There is a wide assortment of parts engaged with this pioneer yet will concentrate on his experience, social commitments, social clashes, and the case that he is a genius.Alexander was conceived in 356 B.C.E., the child of Phillip II and Olympias of Macedon. He was delegated Prince when he was being coached by Aristotle, who prepared him in talk and writing that invigorated his enthusiasm for science, medication, and reasoning. Alexander was first hitched to Roxanne in 327 B.C.E. what's more, second to Barsine in 324 B.C.E., he bore no youngsters with either spouse. After his dad was killed in 336 B.C.E., he turned into the King of Macedon and later the King of Asia. Alexander additionally established Alexandria, after totally crushing the Persians at the skirmish of Arbela in 331 B. C.E.Alexander Muir Public School, Toronto, 1902 [OHQ-P...slaves. Alexander's next endeavor was to crush Persia. He would never be the dominantforce in his general vicinity as long as the Persian ruler Darius was all the while living. In the wake of beating Persiathe second and last time in 332, Darius, who figured out how to endure, fled to the mountains.He passed on in the mountains when one of his own aristocrats killed him. With Darius dead,Alexander was delegated King of Persia and got known as the ruler of all Asia.Babylon gave up after Gaugamela, and the city of Susa with its colossal treasureswas before long prevailed. At that point, in midwinter, Alexander constrained his approach to Persepolis, thePersian capital. In the wake of ravaging the illustrious treasuries and taking other rich goods, heburned the city during a smashed gorge and accordingly finished the obliteration of the ancientPersian Empire. His area currently stretched out along and past the southern shores of. ..

International Business - Meli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Business - Meli - Essay Example The firm has likewise centered enormously around the separation system. This has empowered it to build its apparent incentive among its devoted clients. This is through contribution unrivaled administrations. This has made the clients to be eager to pay a premium for the new administrations to be advertised. Ultimately, the organization has incorporated the worth chain through contribution entryway to-entryway administrations. In this way, it can gain by these methodologies so as to build its upper hand in the market (Hamermes and Yong, 2012). Meli has performed adequately particularly with the cutoff points on the courses that its vessels can cover. The contenders have a more extensive scope of course and vessels with high limits. Accordingly, when putting these obliges into thought, the firm can be said to have performed better than expected (Hamermes and Yong, 2012). I would prescribe that Tim favor the choice to procure Teeh-Sah Holdings. This is on the grounds that the new methodologies will open up new courses for the organization. Likewise, the firm will secure more resources and HR that have an involvement with various markets over the world particularly in the trans-pacific course. This will fortify the company’s position through lessening the dangers and vulnerabilities related with focusing on scarcely any business sectors (Hamermes and Yong,

Consumers In The Financial World Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Where decisions taking place in world of certainty, consumers know for sure the utility they will receive given a choice of goods. Firms know for sure the profit they will receive from a chosen set of inputs, this does not describe the real world, technological, uncertainty, market uncertainty, many issues cannot be addressed without considering uncertainty e.g. stock market, insurance, futures markets (investment and savings decisions). In this essay I will look at attitudes towards risk and uncertainty in the insurance market. When people have to make decisions in the presence of uncertainty rational decision making does not go out the window. The standard tools for analyzing rational choice can be modified to accommodate uncertainty. A person in an uncertain environment is choosing among contingent commodities, whose value depends on the eventual outcome or state of the world. As with ordinary commodities, people have preferences for contingent commodities that can be represented by an indifference map. The slope of the budget constraint between two contingent commodities depends on the payoff associated with each state of the world. The curvature of the indifference curve depends on whether the individual is risk averse, risk loving or risk neutral. A risk-averse person will not accept an actuarially fair bet. Risk-averse people purchase insurance in order to spread consumption more evenly across states of the world. When risk-averse people are allowed to purchase fair insurance, they will insure themselves fully in the sense that their consumption is the same in every state of the world. The amount of insurance demanded depends on the premium and on the probability that the insurable event will occur. People wi th von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions, in which the probability of each state of the world is multiplied by the utility associates with that state of the world, seek to maximise the expected value of their utility. The assumption of expected utility maximisation, together with decision trees, can be used to break up complicates decisions into simple components that can be readily solved. By comparing the expected utility of each option, the individual can determine their optimal strategy. An individuals attitude towards risk in which there is a single good (income), assuming that there are only two states of the world (state 1 and state 2), let y1 denote income in state 1 and y2, income in state 2. Let denote the probability of state 1 so that (1 ) is the probability of state 2. Given this, the expected value of income is E(y) = y1 + (1- )y2 the weighted average level of income received by the individual over the two states of the world. Utility of the expected value is u[E(y)] = u((y1) + (1- )y2). The utility received by the individual from the weighted average level of income y. Expected utility is given by E(u)= u(y1) + (1- )u(y2), which is the utility received by the individual from fluctuating income levels across the two states of the world Risk Aversion, an individual is risk averse if u[E(y)] gt; E(u). The individual prefers to have a constant amount of income rather than fluctuating amounts of a low income in state 1 of the world and a high income in state 2 of the world averages are preferred to extremes. An alternative definition uses the certainty equivalent level of income denoted by yc. This level of income must satisfy the following condition u(yc) = E(u). yc must be such that the utility received from getting yc equals the utility from facing the gamble (expected utility). In other words, yc is the level of income at which the individual is indifferent between getting that level of income for certain and facing fluctuating incomes levels. This certainty equivalent level of income therefore gives us a notion of the value of the gamble to the individual. If the individual is risk averse E(y) gt; yc, that is, the individual values the gamble at less than the expected value. Risk Neutral An individual is risk neutral if the individual values the prospect at its expected value E(y) = yc or u(y1+ + (1 )y2) = u(y1 + (1 )u(y2). Risk Loving An individual is loving if he/she values the prospect at more than its expected value yc gt; E(y) or u(y1) + (1-)u(y2) gt; u((y1+(1-)y2). The Risk Premium, consider figure 1 and recall that yc satisfies u(yc) = E(u). In figure 1, the individual is willing to give up income cd rather than face the gamble with expected income E(y). r = y yc gt; 0. If the individual is risk loving, the individual would pay to be able to face the gamble. r = E(y) yc gt; 0 Using the idea of insurance under uncertainty, it is possible to consider a risk averse individual and suppose that there are two states of the world, firstly, state 1, where initial income is y, and state 2, where income is y L. The consumer can insure against the loss (cannot affect the loss or the probability of the loss implies a moral hazard issue). The insurance company sells insurance at a premium rate p (0 lt; p lt; 1). Let q denote the amount of insurance cover purchased by the consumer y1 = y pq and y2 = y L pq + q. Let 1 denote the probability of state 1 and let 2 denote the probability of state 2 E(y) = 1(y pq) + 2(y L pq + q) Supposing that the individual maximizes expected utility max q 1u(y1) + 2u(y2) = max q 1u(y pq) + 2u(y L pq + q) Rearranging the first order condition gives the following familiar condition u'(y2) 2 = p u'(y1) 1 1-p An insurance company has an actuarially fair premium (p) if it does not alter the insured individuals expected income 1(y pq) + 2(y L pq + q) =gt; 1y + 2(y L) Hence, the fair premium is p= 2. In fact, perfect competition implies a fair premium. Competition in the industry forces the expected profits of the firm to zero 1pq + 2(pq q) = 0 =gt; q(p 2) = 0 Suppose p = 2 (premium is fair). Then, from the first order condition, can write u'(y1) = u'(y2) Since u(y) lt; 0, this implies y1 = y2 y pq* = y L + (1 p)q* =gt; L = q* (the insurer completely insures against the loss) Suppose p gt; 2 (premium is unfair). This implies 1 p lt; 1 2 = 1. Then, from the first order conditions, u'(y1) lt; u'(y2) which implies y1 gt; y2 y pq* gt; y L + (1 p)q* =gt; q*lt; L if the individual faces an unfair premium then the individual will buy less than complete cover. Using comparative statics, the first order condition gives us our demand for insurance as a function of the parameters in the model q* = D(y, L, p, 2). It is now possible to analyse how this demand changes as we change one of these parameters (say income) holding the others constant. This involves taking derivates of the first order condition with respect to the relevant variable. This results in an increase in income y increases the demand for insurance if and only if the individual has increasing absolute risk aversion (less willing to take risks and more willing to buy insurance). An increase in the price of insurance p is ambiguous and depends on the usual substitution and income effects. An increase in the loss L (due to an accident) increases the demand for insurance. An increase in the accident probability 2 increases the demand for insurance. As a theory of individual behavior, the expected utility model shares many of the underlying assumptions of standard consumer theory. Yet, the expected utility theory comes under criticism by Rabin and Thaler (2001, pp. 219-232). They argue that expected utility theory is inadequate to explain risk aversion and hence should be discarded as a theory of choice under risk and uncertainty. Watt (2002) addresses this argument stating that all the exercises in the Rabin and Thaler paper demonstrate only that an unrealistically high degree of risk aversion produces preposterous results. For a person with a high level of wealth to turn down a bet for moderate stakes that has a positive expected value will require either an unreasonably high level of risk aversion, or some other unusual peculiarity in the utility function (like a utility function that is bounded from above). Otherwise, under standard models of risk aversion, their large-scale bets will not be rejected-and neither will their m oderate-scale bets. Expected utility theory certainly faces problems in explaining certain kinds of empirical evidence, as do other competing theories. But in this case, it reveals a useful truth: namely, that risk-averse, wealth-loving people should be willing to accept certain moderate bets with positive expected value, even though at first glance, the bets may not appear attractive to them. There are alternative theories of choice under uncertainty, one is the prospect theory, which was developed by [Kahneman and Tversky (1979)]. They formulate that uncertain outcomes are defined relative to a reference point, which is typically current wealth (p.274). Outcomes are interpreted as gains and losses. Risky outcomes are referred to as prospects and the decision maker is assumed to choose among alternative prospects by choosing the one with the highest value. The value of a prospect is expressed in terms of two scales, first, a decision weight function , which associates with each probability p giving (p) reflecting the impact of p. (p) is not a probability p in evaluating a prospect. The value function assigns to each outcome x a number v(x), which encodes the decision makers subjective value of outcome. Kahneman and Tverskys (1979) formulation focuses on simple prospects which have at most two non-zero outcomes. The theory can be extended to more complicated prospects, but this poses certain difficulties as it can violate dominance, and hence transitivity, among prospects with more than two outcomes. Potential violations may occur due to the fact that the decision weights in prospect theory are derived by applying the decision weighting function to individual probabilities rather than to the entire probability density of outcome [Quiggan, (1982) p.326] An example in the market for insurance: Let us assume the probability of the insured risk is 1%, the potential loss is $1,000 and the premium is $15. If we apply PT, we first need to set a reference point. This could be (e.g., the current wealth) or the worst case (losing $1,000). If we set the frame to the current wealth, the decision would be to either pay $15 for sure (which gives the prospect theory-utility of ) or a lottery with outcomes $0 (probability 99%) or $1,000 (probability 1%) which yields the PT-utility of . These expressions can be computed numerically. For typical value and weighting functions, the former expression could be larger due to the convexity of in losses, and hence the insurance looks unattractive. If we set the frame to $1,000, both alternatives are set in gains. The concavity of the value function in gains can then lead to a preference for buying the insurance. In this example a strong overweighting of small probabilities can also undo the effect of the c onvexity of in losses: the potential outcome of losing $1,000 is over-weighted. The interplay of overweighting of small probabilities and concavity-convexity of the value function leads to the so-called fourfold pattern of risk attitudes: risk-averse behavior in gains involving moderate probabilities and of small probability losses; risk-seeking behavior in losses involving moderate probabilities and of small probability gains. Another theory in the area of choice under uncertainty is Bell (1982, 1983, Fishburn (1981,1982) and Loomes and Sugdens (1982,1983) regret theory generalizes Savages (1951) minimax regret approach. Choice is modeled as the minimising of a function of the regret vector, defined as the difference between the outcome yielded by a given choice and the best outcome that could have been achieved in that state of nature. A decision makers preference function is defined over pairs of prospects. It is possible that prospect A is preferred to B, B preferred to C, C preferred to A. EXPAND Quiggans (1982) anticipated utility theory maintains properties of dominance and transitivity but employs a weakened version of the independence axiom. The model is consistent with a considerable ranger of choice behavior that violates von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility theory. It also is free of the violations of dominance that can occur under prospect theory. The Allais paradox [Allais (1953)] is an example of choice behavior that can be explained under anticipate utility theory. Risk attitude under anticipated utility theory, discussed in Hilton (1988), follow Pratt (1964) and Arrows (1971) analysis of risk attitude under von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility theory and characterize a decision makers attitude toward the risk inherent in a prospect by the decision makers risk premium for the prospect. Hilton (1988) also tests risk attitude under prospect theory, but slightly modifies the perspective on prospect theory from the theorys original statement by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), required by two features of prospect theory. First there is the problem of dominance violations, which Kahneman and Tversky (1979) state that stochastically dominated alternatives are eliminated in the editing phase of the theory, acknowledging that such a procedure raises the problem of intransitivity. Hilton (1988) concludes that after examining the concept of risk attitude under Quiggans (1982) anticipated utility theory and under a modified version of Kahneman and Tverskys (1979) prospect theory. Risk premia for prospects were characterized under booth theories in the large ad in the small. There overall risk premia were then partitioned into a Arrow-Pratt risk premium, transforming the probability distribution, and a decision weight premium, reflecting the decision makers optimism or pessimism as reflected in the implicit distortion of the probabilities. Machina (1982) has abo developed a theory of choice under risk that allows for violations of the independence axiom. Machina proves that the basic results of expected utility theory do not depend on the independence axiom, but may be derived from the much weaker assumption of smoothness of preferences over alternative probabiity distributions. Unlike anticipated utility theory, Machinas (1982) theory does not employ a uti!ity function that maps outcomes into the real line. In Machinas theory, there is no separation between outcomes and probabilities in the evaluation function.

Macbeths Conscience in Shakespeares Macbeth - 530 Words

William Shakespeare’s seventeenth century tragedy, Macbeth, tells the story of Macbeth, whose ambition leads him to murder his close friends. In the play, he is told that he will become king, but to speed up the process he is convinced to kill the current king, Duncan. Although he is portrayed as a vile, evil character, the scene before he murders Duncan, his thoughts after the murder, and his encounters with his friend’s ghost show that Macbeth truly is a man of conscience. After his wife encourages Macbeth to kill King Duncan when he visits their home, Macbeth truly considers the idea. Shakespeare allows his character to mull over the act and consequences in a soliloquy which, â€Å"not only weighs the possible bad practical consequences of†¦show more content†¦Immediately after killing King Duncan, Macbeth’s conscience is disturbed. He tells Lady Macbeth, â€Å"To know what I have done – it would be better to lose consciousness altogetherâ₠¬ (2.2.87-88). He realizes the morality of his act and feels guilty because of it. Macbeth wishes to forget completely he even committed the act and his thoughts and comments even suggest that he regrets killing the king. He understands that morally, the murder was wrong. Since Macbeth knows the immorality of the act, he feels his guilt-ridden conscience continues to be bothered. Even after his fourth murder of his friend Banquo, Macbeth’s conscience is still active. Macbeth, although he feels guilt due to his other murders, he hires assassins to kill his friend so that no one can accuse him of any of the heinous crimes committed. The problem that arises after the murder occurs is that he sees the ghost of his friend at his dinner table. These ghosts arise because of the guilt he feels, and â€Å"that he acts with full knowledge of the evil only increases the pity and fear aroused by the dead† (Coriat 5). If the man had no sense of right and wrong, he would not imagin e the haunting. Instead, Macbeth’s conscience compels him to identify the negative and immoral effects of his acts (Coriat 5). Throughout the play, Macbeth acts against hisShow MoreRelatedRole-Reversal in Macbeth1315 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Macbeth first receives the prophecy predicting he will be king and Banquos heirs will be kings, he is satisfied with the idea of being king. Banquos heirs do not concern him at this point. Once he assassinates Duncan and is crowned king, however, this isnt enough. Now he wants his heirs to be king. He asks himself, why should he have taken all this risk just to put Banquos heirs on the throne? Unsatisfied with just ruling himself, he plots to kill not only Banquo, but Fleance. HisRead MoreSimilarities Between Odysseus And Macbeth1357 Words   |  6 PagesEven though they are both heroes there are many differences between Homer’s Odysseus and Shakespeares Macbeth. Theses differences come from the fact that Odysseus is an ep ic hero, while Macbeth is a tragic hero. 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Position Paper - 1723 Words

Structured Position Paper Structured Position Paper SABIC SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabia- Riyadh 24/04/12 SABIC SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabia- Riyadh 24/04/12 Student Name SABIC Saudi Arabia considered one of the global market players, where at this paper I will highlight a commentary and analysis to the company vision and mission and a brief SOWT Analysis and company competitive advantage. Student Name SABIC Saudi Arabia considered one of the global market players, where at this paper I will highlight a commentary and analysis to the company vision and mission and a brief SOWT Analysis and company competitive advantage. Table of Contents Structure Position Paper 2 SABIC Saudi Arabia 2 SABIC Vision 2 SABIC Mission 2 SABIC Values 2 SABIC†¦show more content†¦The first of SABIC’s businesses to begin actual production was HADEED, which began producing steel products in 1982. In 1983, SABIC opened its new headquarters in Riyadh, and from that time SABIC expanded through various industries over various countries. SABIC went public in 1984, although the Saudi government maintained a 70 percent stake in the company, and its shareholder base was restricted to Saudi and other citizens in the GCC countries only. The newly public company began its first marketing efforts, with access to Saudi Arabia’s huge gas reserves, SABIC was able to enter the market with some of the lowest feedstock costs in the industry. Indeed, SABIC’s arrival forced a shift among the industry’s previous major players, many of which moved farther downstream in petrochemicals production, while others exited a number of markets entirely. At the same time, the company’s Gulf location placed it close to both European and, especially, fast growing Asian markets. SABIC’s production was 6.5 million metric tons in 1985. Five years later production rose to 13 million tons; by 2003 production had risen to 42 million metric tons; it reached 56 million metric tons in 2008 and it is planning to raise its production to over 130 million tons by 2020 through various strategies such as local expansions, acquisitions, and joint ventures. SWOT analysis StrengthsShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of New Media On The Position Paper1705 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of New Media on the Position Paper Written in the Department of State Introduction The United States Department of State was founded on July 27, 1789. This institution moves forward under its mission statement, which is â€Å"to shape and sustain a peaceful, prosperous, just, and democratic world and foster conditions for stability and progress for the benefit of the American people and people everywhere† (State Dept Website). 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Music Analysis free essay sample

Music for radio, film, Television and Multimedia. Analyses listening log, Year 12 Music 1, Max Tuckering. 1) Discuss why your chosen piece fits into its specific genre, style or musical culture. My chosen piece for this analysis task is Roll On, (2001. Album: Roll On) by The Living End, an Australian rockabilly Icon from the suburbs of Melbourne. This song was the opening anthem for an American comedy film The Cheats (2002). The song was chosen due to Its attractive nature for a young rebellious audience. Quote Chris Cheney, some of our songs are a bit juvenile (FIFO, 2004). The youthful rebellion influences are seen in the early sounds of The Living End, combined with stylistic traits of the ass Rock n roll and late ass-ass Punk genres. The lyrical topic of the song Roll On song was based on the 1998 Australian Waterfront Dispute at the shipyards In Melbourne.Lyrics to suggest this Include: First Verse, The shipyards are deserted on the docks on Melbourne town, The warless standing strong, They gathered round to see what the union had to say, Theres too much work and not enough pay. Lyrically, and sonically the bands music speaks to the working class audience of Australia. The songs topics reflect a voice of the people, a youthful rebellion, seen again in the early punk influences and the lyrics of to just Roll On but the whole demographic of their track listings. 2) Analyses your chosen piece in terms of all the concepts of music. Duration Classic Susie rock and roll Rock-Beat 1 count in, sets up the simple, quadruple meter with accents on the 1st beat.The rhythm section, in this case bass and drums, are providing a steady rhythm for the melodic and harmonic material to be played by guitar and vocals The regular tempo is approximately BPML The time signature is common 4/4 time The backseat is emphasized with the bass drum on the 1 and 3 with the snare drum on the 2 and 4. At approximately miss, assess there is a diminution drum pattern, going from crotchets to quavers to create tensions and excitement before the end of the piece.The prominent drumbeat gives the song a sense of propulsion between sections. This is a mainstream song where people will want to dance, 4/4 is therefore a good choice by the composers in creating a very common and enjoyable meter. Pitch A very rock influenced vocal melody, where there is a major key that also borrows from non-diatonic alterations such as flat ethos and minor 3rd. Major Key (at times a Myocardial mode with a both). Although the guitar is playing minor pentatonic riffs and the solo is played with notes of the A blues scale.The verse tonal center is A major, with the chord progression being power chords of: [A I C ID ] The chorus tonal center is C major, again power chords of the root-notes: [C I F C I F C At 0:assess, there is the first example of 2 modulations from C. Mac to Mamas for the verse. The Lyric Sky follows the chord progression of F-G-A, where as the melody follows major thirds A-B-C# to the roots of the chord progression, ascending in pitch, creating a consonant and prepared modulation between sections.Dynamics and Expressive Techniques The introduction is intentionally loud, a live energetic performance that sounds as if its performed on stage. This is achieved through the method of recording; not only is it recorded on to analog tape, yet it was a live performance with each member isolated in the studio to still create a quality mix. There is also clearly some analogue tape saturation, achieved through high gain recording, creating a very warm/ overdriven tone, mainly heard in the rhythm guitar track. Guitar Pedal Effects include: -Dig-Tech Whammy, a pitch-shifting pedal with a rocking foot mount.Features at imminences. -Beanie Tube Screamer, engaged the whole song -Boost pedal for the guitar solo (increase volume and heighten tone) Expressive techniques: During the Guitar Solo 1:28-1:58: Vibrato, double-stops, slides and bends feature, creating a interesting and stimulating solo. Tone Color Loud chanting styled vocals fits the theme of protest and voice of the people concept. Cheney achieves a pure, husky tone for the lead vocals by singing with full volume chest voice. The backing vocals feature an even more aggressive shout tone, seen in the motif of roll on, roll on, roll on in the introduction.Guitar amplification: Tube amplification provides the clearest and truest sound of the instrument with natural boosting of the upper harmonics of the guitar strings. Thus a raw and majestic tone is accomplished. The solo is played on the higher register of the guitar; this creates interest through contrast and disparity between sections. Bass Recording: The double bass has been modified to handle the volume and tone required for a rock band. The instrument has two split pickup single coil precision bass pick-ups, allowing for optimum output to an amplifier.This provides a rumbling powerful low-end tone to support all the high end treble of the guitars. Drum sounds: The drum sounds of the song are hard-hitting and snappy. This is necessary as the bass and guitar are dominating the low end, where otherwise the drums would be lost in a low, muddy mess. The bright tone of the drum components is primarily due to the style of the player. He hits the skins and cymbals with a lot of energy, often playing at the peak dynamic output of the instrument. Texture The overall texture of the piece is predominantly Homophobic, Vocal melody ND accompanying rhythm section.Roll on is a perfect example of a modern contemporary Rock production. A bright, crisp sounding analogue recording that remains true to the instruments natural amplified sounds. The texture is Dynamic. The Doubling of the chanting motif with the guitar riff is effective. The lead singer and lead guitarist fits the melodic role Rhythm guitar, backing vocals and double bass fit the harmonic role, a constant choral accompaniment. The double bass and the drum kit fill the rhythmic role, they lock in together through the syncopated bass drum line. Traditionally a rock song will have a heavy, solid and rich density, in this case it does. Loud volume, thick-sounding instruments: Heavy distorted guitars; fat bass lines and hard-hitting drums create this density in the performance. Structure Intro,reverse: Intro with the count in 1 ,2,3,4 Each instrument is introduced separately, building layers and texture. The verse introduces the motifs to be developed such as guitar riff and backing vocals Chorus: The chorus develops the feel of the rock beat, and the meter effectively Introduction Riff: Continues the feel of the song similar to the introduction

Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrandâ€Discussion Questions

'Unbroken' by Laura Hillenbrand- Discussion Questions   Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand is the true story of Louis Zamparini, who was an Olympic runner that survived for more than a month on a raft in the Pacific Ocean after crashing his plane during World War II. He was then taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese. Hillenbrand tells his story in parts, and these book club questions are also divided by parts of the book so that groups or individuals can discuss the story over time or focus on the areas they want to discuss more deeply. Spoiler Warning: These questions contain details about the end of Unbroken. Finish each section before reading the questions for that part. Part I Were you interested in Part I, which was mostly about Louis childhood and running career?How do you think his childhood and Olympic training helped him survive what would come later? Part II Were you surprised by how many servicemen died in flight training or in planes that went down outside of combat?Superman received 594 holes in the battle over Nauru. What did you think of the descriptions of this air battle? Were you surprised by their ability to survive despite being hit so many times?Did you learn anything new about the Pacific theater during World War II through this part of the book? Part III How do you think Louie survived the crash?What were details of the mens survival on the raft most interesting to you? How they found and saved water or food? The ways they kept up their mental acuity? The lack of provisions in the life raft?What role did emotional and mental state play in Phil and Louies survival? How did they keep their minds sharp? Why was this important?Were you surprised by how ferocious the sharks  were?Louie had several religious experiences on the raft that led to a new belief in God: surviving the gunning by the Japanese bomber, the tranquil day at sea, the provision of rainwater and seeing singing in the clouds. What do you make of these experiences? How were they important to his life story? Part IV Were you aware of how severely the Japanese treated Prisoners of War during World War II? Were you surprised to learn how much worse it was for men captured in the Pacific war than for those captured by Nazis?When Louie is interviewed just after his release, he says If I knew I had to go through those experiences again, Id kill myself (321). As they were going through it, how do you think Louie and Phil survived the starvation and brutality they faced as prisoners?What were the ways the Japanese tried to break the mens spirits? Why does the author focus on how this was worse in many ways than the physical cruelty? What do you think was the hardest thing the men had to endure?Later in the narrative, we learn that the Bird and many of the other soldiers were pardoned? What do you think of this decision?How do you think the men escaped the Kill All order?Why do you think Louies family never gave up hope that he was alive? Part V Epilogue In many ways, Louies unraveling is not surprising considering all he endured. After attending the Billy Graham crusade, however, he never experienced another vision of the Bird, he saved his marriage and he was able to move on with his life. Why do you think this is? What roles did forgiveness and gratitude play in his ability to move on? How did he see God at work throughout his whole experience despite the unimaginable suffering he experienced?From the moment of their rescue through the present day publishing of this book and the movie adaptation, Louie Zamparini has received significant media attention whereas Allen Phillips was treated as a trivial footnote in what was celebrated as Louies story (385). Why do you think that was?Louie continued to have adventures well into old age? What parts of his post-war story were most notable to you?Rate Unbroken on a scale of 1 to 5. Details of the book: Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand was published in November 2010.Publisher: Random House496 PagesThe movie adaptation of Unbroken was released in December 2014.

Martial Tells the Story of Gladiators Priscus and Verus

Martial Tells the Story of Gladiators Priscus and Verus In 2003, BBC produced a television docudrama (Colosseum: Romes Arena of Death aka Colosseum: A Gladiators Story) about Roman gladiators that The Naked Olympics writer Tony Perrottet reviewed, in Television/DVD: Everyone Loves a Bloodbath. The review seems fair. Here is an excerpt: The early phases of the show are squarely embedded in the time-honored tradition of gladiator movies, so much so that there is an inevitable sense of dà ©j vu. (Is that Kirk Douglas slaving away in the quarries? Doesnt that gladiator look a bit like Russell Crowe?) The rustic prisoners first glimpses of imperial Rome, the initial matches in the gladiatorial schoolall are part of the tried-and-true formula. Even the music seems familiar.Still, this new foray into the genre quickly distinguishes itself from its forebears. That final sentence bears repeating. I would recommend watching this hour-long show if it ever comes back to television. The climax of the show is a dramatization of a known Roman fight between gladiators Priscus and Verus. When they fought each other it was the highlight of the games for the opening ceremonies of the Flavian Amphitheater, the sporting arena we usually refer to as the Roman Colosseum. The Gladiator Poem of Marcus Valerius  Martialis   We know of these capable gladiators from a poem by the witty Latin epigrammatist Marcus Valerius Martialis aka Martial, who is usually referred to as coming from Spain. It is the only detailed such as it is description of such a fight that has survived. Youll find the poem and an English translation below, but first, there are some terms to know. ColosseumThe first term is the Flavian amphitheater or Colosseum which was opened in 80, a year after the first of the Flavian emperors, Vespasian, the one who had built most of it, had died. It does not appear in the poem but was the events venue.RudisThe second term is rudis, which was a wooden sword given to a gladiator to show that he was freed and released from service. He might then start his own gladiatorial training school.The FingerThe finger refers to a type of end to the game. A fight could be to the death, but it could also be until one of the combatants asked for mercy, by raising a finger. In this famous fight, the gladiators raised their fingers together.ParmaThe Latin refers to a parma which was a round shield. While it was used by Roman soldiers, it was also used by the Thraex or Thracian style gladiators.CaesarCaesar refers to the second Flavian emperor, Titus. Martial XXIX English Latin While Priscus drew out, and Verus drew out thecontest, and the prowess of both stood long inbalance, oft was discharge for the men claimed withmighty shouts; but Caesar himself obeyed his ownlaw: that law was, when the prize was set up, tofight until the finger was raised; what was lawful hedid, oft giving dishes and gifts therein. Yet was anend found of that balanced strife: they fought wellmatched, matched well they together yielded. Toeach Caesar sent the wooden sword, and rewards toeach: this prize dexterous valour won. Under noprince but thee, Caesar, has this chanced: whiletwo fought, each was victor. Cum traheret Priscus, traheret certamina Verus, esset et aequalis Mars utriusque diu,missio saepe uiris magno clamore petita est; sed Caesar legi paruit ipse suae; -lex erat, ad digitum posita concurrere parma: - 5 quod licuit, lances donaque saepe dedit.Inuentus tamen est finis discriminis aequi: pugnauere pares, subcubuere pares.Misit utrique rudes et palmas Caesar utrique: hoc pretium uirtus ingeniosa tulit. 10Contigit hoc nullo nisi te sub principe, Caesar: cum duo pugnarent, uictor uterque fuit. Martial; Ker, Walter C. A London : Heinemann; New York: Putnam

Why are destinations so intent on attracting and developing event Essay - 1

Why are destinations so intent on attracting and developing event tourism Discuss their main goals and the associated value of event tourism with reference to corporate and public events - Essay Example important events that include ‘Australian Tourism Exchange’ (ATE) and ‘Queensland Music Festival’ (QMF) are seemed to be important events attracting global tourists immensely. The events assist in developing the economic conditions of the economy along with community. In the present scenario, tourism is determined as an important and rapidly developing industry. The industry is also a significant contributor towards the economic development of a country or region. In this regard, events are identified to play an effective role for the development of other business sectors that include hotel industry, trading operations and restaurant business among others. There are various types of events organised which include festival events, sport events, business events and special events for making destinations attractive. Presently, the people are interested towards events and on the basis of which they travel in different locations. Event tourism is responsible for the meeting different goals of an economy in relation to social, environment and economic aspects (Service Skills Australia, 2011; Stokes & Jago, 2007). In a similar perspective, event tourism is a significant aspect, responsible for the development of the economy of Australia. Organising events in different regions of Australia will assist in promoting products along with services of Australia in an enhanced manner (Stokes, 2003). In this regard, there are various events organised in Australia with the aim of attracting visitors from global context which include the ‘Australian Tourism Exchange’ (ATE) and Queensland Music Festival among others in order to develop the economic conditions of the country. With these considerations, the essay emphasizes the role of community in developing the event tourism in an enhanced manner. Additionally, the goals ad value of event tourism in respect of corporate and public events are discussed. Tourism is one of the most important revenue generating sectors

Geology Tour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geology Tour - Essay Example Since, numerous studies have contended that numerous creatures, for instance, furred elephants (American mastodon) inhabited the snow region prior they were extinct. This information and much more coupled with diverse timelines of when they occurred usually characterizes the entire â€Å"Page Museum, La Brea Tar Pits† (McNassor 97). As one proceeds inside, does not stop to wonder because various ice age fossils excavated from the â€Å"backyard† (Tar Pits) of the museum (McNassor 13). It is intriguing how some animals looked like prior to the emergence of people in Los Angeles region, which prompted to their extinct. For illustration, Bison Antiquus, this was the first herbivore in N. America and its existence and emergence marked the mammal age in the region. According to diverse staffs who are in every stand ready and busy explaining to keen admirers regarding diverse life forms, many of the fossils originate from Tar Pits (McNassor 97). This was after its discovery, which also has its own information regarding why it is rich in diverse extinct forms that fill the entire museum. Hence, museum has allocated a stand meant to offer to visitors’ adequate information regarding Brea Tar Pits (McNassor 25). Research about the site argues that, Asphaltum from other regions seeped up into the pits for a long time where wild animals inhabited. Dust, leaves or water covered the Asphaltum in the pits, which trapped the animals and other smaller forms like rats while grazing or searching for water. Therefore, resulting to numerous animals trapped in it. The museum boasts of possessing numerous species starting from those of the great cats to the tooth of a rat besides plants that normally characterized the Tar Pits prior extinction of the big animals (McNassor 22). The cats encompass small-tailed Smilodon Fatalis, which are a distant cousin to the present cats.

Can a solution to persistent conflict in the eastern DRC be found Essay - 1

Can a solution to persistent conflict in the eastern DRC be found through addressing 'local antagonisms' and 'local grievances', as Severine Autesserre suggests - Essay Example Instead of seeking long term solutions, Autesserre (2008) argues, these peace finders have only been making temporary peace trials after which conflicts emerge again. Their role has been to treat the wounds but not focusing on terminating the causative agents once and for all. Autesserre (2008), after providing a comprehensive history of wars and conflicts in the Eastern Provinces of Congo, suggests that permanent solutions can only be found if local antagonisms and grievances are addressed. Autesserre brings forward the view that those intervening have mistaken locally triggered turbulence as a national and or international issue whereof only humanitarian interventions for temporary healing of the casualties have been imposed. This paper attempts to argue in line Autesserre’s standing. The discussion critically addresses the nature of the problem in Congo – as explained by various authors – to estimate the truth in Autesserre’s suggestions. Later, the study defines what exactly the government of Congo needs to ensure local issues – as raised by Autesserre (2008) – are successful tools in pacifying Eastern Congo. The arguments are made in realization that, anyhow, there must be some solution, a unique solution (Yenyi, 2010). In the previous efforts to bring peace in the Congo, there have been various challenges and mammoth spending but in the end, the war starts all over again. It is obvious there are roots to the intermittent animosity that keeps recurring, much to the loss of many lives on a daily basis, loss of properties, misappropriation of natural resources, and the general deterioration of humanity. Therefore, all indications point to the prevalence of speci fic causes of violence that have never been addressed, or at least the wrong approaches have been in use. So the problem is extraordinary and as so, it will call for extraordinary measures as suggested in Autesserre findings (2008). Certainly, Autesserre’s idea is appealing,

A Study of Winter Poetry Essay -- Environment, Winter, Spring

I chose to study winter poetry because I often focus on the cold and harsh conditions, rather than the beauty present. These poems are excellent in making one see past the bleakness, and toward the magnificence of the dazzling light. The beginnings of both â€Å"Winter† and â€Å"The Winter’s Spring† mention the loneliness and coldness of winter. This helps the audience find common ground with the poet, since it is easier to see winter as ugly rather than beautiful. In â€Å"The Winter’s Spring†, â€Å"The winter comes; I walk alone† (1), asks the audience to follow as no one, but the author believes the in the beauty of winter. â€Å"I want no bird to sing† (2) sounds hostile and reclusive, and is reinforced as the author claims to keep his heart his own. Already, the audience views the author as a cold and unloved being. Instead, the following stanzas contrast with the first, and winter is compared to spring. Nature imagery, like â€Å"the foliage of the woods† (25) and a white dove’s caring wing are likened to winter. In the poem, the foliage covering the bare trees is the snow, as is the white dove’s wing gently covering everything.  "The Winter’s Spring† also uses words that create a heavenly image, like the â€Å"Christmas rose† (also known as the Lenten rose), â€Å"white†, â€Å"piercing light†, â€Å"dazzled†, and â€Å"white dove† (7,16, 17,22). This contrasts with the audience’s initials views of a lonely and hostile winter, instead suggesting winter emulates the look of heaven. Likewise, the poem â€Å"Winter† starts with a violent mood, filled with negative connotations: â€Å"Clouded with snow/ The cold winds blow,/ and shrill on leafless bough/ The robin with its burning breast/ Alone sings now† (1-5). There is sensory and sound imagery of a cold snowstorm, and of a bird singing... ...ly to â€Å"Winter†, except that the negative connotations are confined to the first three lines out of thirty, rather than over a third of the poem. Thus, a far greater amount of the poem is used in praise of winter and the remainder is the author gushing over the beauty of winter, by using it as a metaphor to spring. He never wants spring to come, because the winter’s spring is better. Examples include the â€Å"snow-white meadows† and the â€Å"White Easter of the year in bud† (18,27), with meadows, Easter and flower buds all commonly associated with spring and rebirth, not winter. The recurring and repetitive comparisons in this poem effectively assert the magnificence of winter. Both of these poems effectively persuade the audience, by first acknowledging the ugliness of winter, but then using common and varied devices like contrast and imagery to praise winter’s beauty.

Anatomy Practice

The uppermost strand in this structure is called the coding strand. The second strand that lies below the coding strand is called the template strand. In order for a RNA polymerase to go from the upper strand to the second strand it must go through the process called transcription. First, the RNA polymerase must attach on to one of the genes on the coding strand on DNA. Once the RNA polymerase attaches, it must then begin the process called initiation.This means that the RNA polymerase opens up both strands of DNA in order for mRNA synthesis to begin as it moves down the template strand. Once it starts moving down the template strand, that’s when elongation occurs. This is when the RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA helix in front of it and rewinds the helix behind it matching each base with its correct partner. Once the RNA polymerase reaches a special base sequence called termination signal, transcription is then over.This is called termination. The row of â€Å"guitars† represents the sequence in the tRNA anticodons. The tan balls on the bottom of the â€Å"guitars† represent the amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The multi-color piano keys represent the different bases that are in DNA and RNA molecules. What is different in the second strand than the first upper strand is that the second strand is mRNA which contains the base Uracil while the first strand is DNA and contains Thymine instead of Uracil.The difference between the second strand and the â€Å"guitars† is that the second strand is mRNA which are codons while the â€Å"guitars† are tRNA and are anticodons. The difference in the sequence between the first strand and the â€Å"guitars† is that the first strand is triplets which contain Thymine and the â€Å"guitars† are anticodons and instead of Thymine, they contain Uracil. The process going from the second strand to the â€Å"guitars† is called translation. This is where the language of nuclei c acids is translated into the language of proteins in which they are used to assemble polypeptide chains.

Essay on Culture and Race Awareness - 1256 Words

What Are Infants Learning about Race? A Look at a Sample of Infants from Multiple Racial Groups (Njoroge, Benton, Lewis, and Njoroge N., 2009). Infant Mental Health Journal, Vol. 30(5), 549-567 (2009). Author’s credentials combined are from various universities and a hospital within the United States. The purpose of the research was to obtain more knowledge regarding the significance of culture and race on the social development of children. A historical theoretical framework of child development combined present studies to analyze how the conveyance of culture and race affect the emergent child. Phenotype toys were presented to infants and children to test their reactions during play. The dependent variable was the†¦show more content†¦The ethnic stimulus items composed of four baby dolls with dissimilar skin tones: two brown and two fair. One pair of fair skin dolls characterized the â€Å"White race doll† and the bronzed skin dolls symbolized the â€Å"Blac k race doll.† Other stimulus play items were a dollhouse, dollhouse particulars, and reading materials (p. 558). Questions presented to older children (24 months) were revised from those asked in the Clark (1947) and Horowitz (1938) studies. For instance, instead of asking the children to select from dolls that bore a strong resemblance to them or which doll they desired the best; Katz and Kofkin’s (1997) questions included in this study were â€Å"Are you a boy or girl?† (p. 558). Included in the current study is data collected from a broader study of 59 children between the ages (6- 84 months) (four were preschoolers from Northeastern United States). (Study dates were from July 2004- March 2006). Age criteria were (6- 84 months) (no ethnicity bias). Sample (32 girls and 26 boys) three boys (5% enrolled but chose not to continue). 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How to Conjugate Coûter (to Cost)

The Impact Of Medicaid Expansion On Pregnant Mothers And...

This research papers purpose was to assess the impact of Medicaid expansion on pregnant mothers and their newborn children. Issues explored were the history Medicaid, current perceptions regarding the program and its recipients, the benefits of Medicaid and the reasons that some states have chosen to opt out of the expansion. The methodology used for this study was to research peer reviewed articles and journals to determine the positive and negative effects of Medicaid expansion and compare data from states that have implemented program expansion to those states that have chosen to abstain. Information was gathered from all stages of development from conception, to school age children. When comparing the potential advantages and costs of Medicaid expansion the research findings indicate a substantial benefit regarding access to care, prenatal and postnatal services for mothers with Medicaid as compared to those mothers without insurance. Although Medicaid insurance and benefi ts are costly, research data indicated that providing these services can result in a significant savings by offering preventative screening and by avoiding the utilization of expensive emergency services. Additionally, research indicated that Medicaid recipients reported better rates of health care satisfaction and wellbeing than those who were uninsured. Introduction Medicaid is a health, safety net program that was enacted to provide health care coverage to qualifying members of theShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Goal Of The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act And Womens Health1119 Words   |  5 Pagesand Affordable Care Act and Women’s Health In 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) was passed. The PPACA grants all legal residents in the United States access to health insurance. The PPACA is accommodated by expanding Medicaid, establishing tax credits for small business owners to cover insurance for their employees, and through state-offered â€Å"marketplaces† where citizens can buy insurance if they aren’t offered insurance elsewhere (Ranji, Salganicoff, Sobel RosenzweigRead MoreArgument Against Birthright Citizenship : Chain Migration1485 Words   |  6 Pages Once the child turns 18, they can sponsor a foreign spouse and unmarried children of his own. When they turn 21, they can sponsor their parents and any siblings. From there, the sponsored spouse/siblings/parents can sponsor their foreign-born parents and siblings, and these parents/siblings can sponsor their own foreign-born spouses and siblings. This process continues indefinitely and can lead to a never ending expansion o f the migration chain. According to the Center for Immigration, â€Å"family-sponsoredRead MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 Pagesnumber of NP per primary care MD by county, 2009 Map of the number of physician assistants per primary care MD by county, 2009 Requirements for physician−nurse collaboration, by state, as a barrier to access to primary care Physician opinions about the impact of allowing nurse practioners to practice independently Patient satisfaction with retail-based health clinics Reasons cited for not working in nursing, by age group Age distribution of registered nurses, 1980−2008 Average age of nurses at variousRead MoreThe Social Impact of Drug Abuse24406 Words   |  98 PagesNum ber 2 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE This study was originally prepared by UNDCP as a position paper for the World Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995) Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter Part one: background I. The drug problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. B. C. D. E. TheRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesSubtitle B—Credit for Small Business Employee Health Coverage Expenses Subtitle C—Disclosures To Carry Out Health Insurance Exchange Subsidies Subtitle D—Other Revenue Provisions rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS DIVISION B—MEDICARE AND MEDICAID IMPROVEMENTS TITLE I—IMPROVING HEALTH CARE VALUE Subtitle A—Provisions related to Medicare part A Subtitle B—Provisions Related to Part B Subtitle C—Provisions Related to Medicare Parts A and B Subtitle D—Medicare Advantage Reforms Subtitle

Various Forms of Organizations Free Essays

YOU DECIDE PAPER 2 Part I:   Discuss the various forms of organization that are available to Penelope, Mark and John The various forms of organization available to Penelope, Mark and John are: GENERAL PARTNERSHIPS: A general partnership is a business organization formed when 2 or more individuals or entities form a business for profit. All partners share in the management and in the profits and decide on matters of ordinary business operations by majority of the partners or by percentage ownership of each partner. Each partner is liable for all business debts and bears responsibility for the actions of the other partners. We will write a custom essay sample on Various Forms of Organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each partner reports partnership income on their individual tax return. A partnership dissolves on the death or withdrawal of a partner unless the partnership agreement provides otherwise. Partnerships are relatively easy and inexpensive to form and require few ongoing formalities. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY: A limited liability company is a new and flexible business organization of one or more owners that offers the advantages of liability protection with the simplicity of a partnership, i. e. partners are not liable for business debts. Each partner reports business income on their individual tax return. LLCs may dissolve on the death or withdrawal of an owner depending on state law. An LLC is not appropriate for businesses seeking to become public or raise capital. LLCs require few ongoing formalities but usually require periodic filings with the state and also require annual fees. LLCs are more expensive to form than partnerships. CORPORATIONS: A corporation is a legal entity that has most of the rights and duties of a natural person but with perpetual life and limited liability. Shareholders of a corporation appoint a board of directors and the board of directors appoints the officers for the corporation, who have the authority to manage the day-to-day operations of the corporation. Shareholders are generally liable for the amount of their investment in corporate stock. A corporation pays its own taxes and shareholders pay tax on their dividends. However, in a subchapter S corporation, shareholders report their share of corporate profit or loss in their individual tax return. The corporation is its own legal entity and can survive the death of owners, partners and shareholders. A corporation is the best entity for eventual public companies. Corporations can raise capital through the sale of securities and can transfer ownership through the transfer of securities. Corporations require annual meetings and require owners and directors to observe certain formalities. Corporations are more expensive to form than partnerships and sole proprietorships. Corporations require periodic filings with the state and also require annual fees. (COMMON FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ http://www. tulsascore. org/organization. tml) PARTNERSHIPS: Partnerships are unincorporated businesses. Like corporations, partnerships are separate entities from the shareholders. Unlike corporations, partnerships must have at least one General Partner who assumes unlimited liability for the business. Partnerships must have at least two shareholders. Partnerships distribute all profits and losses to their shareholders without regard for any profits retained by the business for cash flow purposes. (LLCs are taxed as partnerships, unless they choose to be taxed as corporations. of   organization you believe will be best and be sure to explain the reasoning for your choice. In my opinion, a Limited Liability Company would be the best choice for them to form as it provides easy management and â€Å"pass-through† taxation (profits and losses are added to the owner(s) personal tax returns) like a Sole Proprietorship/Partnership, with the liability protection of a Corporation. Like a corporation, it is a separate legal entity; unlike a corporation, there is no stock and there are fewer formalities. The owners of an LLC are called â€Å"Members† instead of â€Å"Shareholders†. So in essence, it’s a like a corporation, with less complicated taxation and stock formalities. The heart of a Limited Liability Company is known as the â€Å"Operating Agreement†. This document sets the rules for operating the company and can be modified as the business grows and changes. Operating an LLC is less formal than a corporation, usually only requiring an Annual Members’ Meeting and Members’ agreeing to changes of the Operating Agreement and other major company decisions. Provides the liability protection of a corporation without the corporate formalities (Board meetings, Shareholder meetings, minutes, etc. ) and extra levels of management (Shareholders, Directors, Officers). Taxed the same as a sole proprietorship (1 Member LLC) or partnership (2 or more Members). (Which Type of Business Entity to Choose? http://www. mynewcompany. com/entity. htm) Part III:   Discuss the tax consequences of contributing cash, property and/or services to the new entity. Contributions of appreciated property to an LLC, however, are generally tax free and there is no ownership or control requirement. There are ordinarily no federal income tax consequences when a person contributes property or services to an LLC, but there are some exceptions to this rule that you should keep in mind when planning for contributions by new or existing members of LLCs. Under IRC  §721(a), a contribution of property to an LLC is generally tax free to both the contributor and the LLC. There is no 80 percent control requirement to obtain tax-free treatment for a contribution to an entity taxed as a partnership as there is for a contribution to a corporation under IRC  §351. Therefore, a contribution of property to an LLC will be tax free even if the contributor obtains only a relatively small interest in the LLC in exchange. Part IV:   Discuss, in detail, how this entity is taxed (if at all) and what filing requirements it has with the IRS Limited liability companies that are subject to the partnership tax rules are not responsible for actually paying the tax on business earnings, but are responsible for preparing annual partnership tax returns on IRS Form 1065. This return is for informational purposes only; all income, deductions and credits are reported by each individual owner. The LLC reports each owner’s share of these amounts on a Schedule K-1 at the end of the year. In this situation, if Penelope, Mark and John earn $120,000 and have $60,000 of deductible business expenses, then each of them will receive a Schedule K-1 with $40,000 of earnings and $20,000 of deductions. Each of them must then report these figures on their personal income tax returns. Essentially, the business will increase their personal taxable income by $20,000. (LLC Tax Filing Rules – Tax Basis in LLC Interest: In general, the initial tax basis of a member who acquires an LLC interest from the LLC will be equal to the amount of money and the tax basis of any property that the member contributes to the LLC in exchange for such interest. The tax basis thus determined will be increased by such member’s share of the LLC’s liabilities, by its share of the LLC’s income, and by any subsequent capital contributions. The member’s tax basis will be reduced (but not below zero) by the member’s share of LLC distributions and losses and also by any decrease in such member’s share of the LLC’s liabilities. IRC  § 752 embodies the statutory rules for sharing LLC liabilities. That Section provides that any increase in a partner’s share of a partnership’s liabilities, or any increase in a partner’s individual liabilities by reason of assuming a partnership’s liabilities, will be considered a contribution of money by such partner to the partnership. Conversely, any decrease in a partner’s share of a partnership’s liabilities, or any decrease in a partner’s individual liabilities by reason of a partnership assuming such liabilities, will be considered a distribution of money to the partner by the partnership. Unfortunately, the statute does not provide for the manner in which a partner’s share of liabilities will be determined. Instead, one must look to the Regulations. (Federal Income Taxation of LLC Members – http://www. mmmlaw. com/media-room/publications/articles/federal-income-taxation-of-llc-members) This last exception is the most important. In some circumstances, a court might say that the LLC doesn’t really exist and find that its owners are really doing business as individuals, who are personally liable for their acts (LLC Business Basics – http://articles. bplans. com/small-business-legal-issues/llc-basics/186) Cited Sources: COMMON FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ http://www. tulsascore. org/organization. html Types of Business  Organizations: 6 Forms of Business for IRS  Purposes http://taxes. about. com/od/taxplanning/a/incorporating_2. tm Which Type of Business Entity to Choose? http://www. mynewcompany. com/entity. htm Contributions to LLCs – http://www. alberty. com/newsletter_summer01. html How LLC Members Are Taxed – http://www. nolo. com/legal-encyclopedia/how-llcs-are-taxed-29675. html Tax Implications: LLC Versus S Corporations – http://www. hutchlaw. com/library/tax-implications-llc-versus-s-corporations LLC Asset Protection – http://www. ehow. com/about_6563015_llc-asset-protection. html LLC Business Basics – http://articles. bplans. com/small-business-legal-issues/llc-basics/186 How to cite Various Forms of Organizations, Papers

The Procurement Of New Royal Adelaide Hospital †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Procurement Of New Royal Adelaide Hospital. Answer: Procurement context The new Royal Adelaide hospital is one of the largest social infrastructure project which has been taken up by the State. This hospital is equipped using the Public Private Partnership agreement. This agreement is signed by the State and the South Australia Health Partnership Pty Ltd. (Project Company). The hospital aimed to turn their status from large scale public private partnership hospital to modern health care facilities provider. In order to procure this project, the complexity, costs etc. aspects became difficult to manage. Further talking about the lifecycle of the project, it should be noted that the lifecycle journey of the project is going well; themanagement of the company has designed systems that are adequately contributing to the growth of the project. Efficient decision making systems and processes are timely reviewed by themanagement which provides greater scope of growth to the hospital (Kerzner, Kerzner, 2017). The ongoing journey of the PPP project is progressin g in different phases and helping the hospital to achieve milestones as well. Till date the journey of the project is going well but it is expected that the project might face issues related to governance or cost which can also affect the growth of the project (Burke, 2013). The current growth of the project is expected to go well but the hospital might face some issues in its progress as they are currently facing delay from the expected plan. The construction and design facilities are going well and are expected to get completed on time but the acquirement of clinical equipment and Information Communication Technology faces the risk of delay. Due to this incident, the following plan is also facing delay due to which completion of the whole event also might face delay. Additionally the external State funded works are also going well as they are being managed by the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI). Apart from progress in the project, they department is also facing some issues in managing the flow of work (Schwalbe, 2015). The project is progressing through a serious phase as it is transitioning with the designs and construction phase. As the project is multifaceted due to which it became difficult for themanagement to co-operat e with the employees and motivate them to complete the task efficiently. As discussed above that the hospital attained the clinical facilities and ICT lately due to which the projected plan delayed. The project also faced the containment claims due to which the hospital had to provide settlement amount along with remediation as well (Meredith, Mantel Jr, 2011). Further in order to govern the case, assurance framework was identified by themanagement advising the ways in which the new RAH project shall be implemented without facing barriers in the growth. The framework was presented to committee which explained the roles and leadership of iPMO (Integrated Program Management Office). This process increased the governance on the project; it also exposed the risks and provided mitigations to appropriately resolve them. In the current scenario, this process greatly helped new RAH to cut the whole life cost and efficiently resolve the challenges present in the environment (Anantatmula, 2010). Identify key risks, mitigations and possible learning As this project is based on the contract between two parties due to which it is more exposed to risks. The contractual arrangement transferred risks in the construction and design of the project which impacted the growth of PPP. Further the risks faced by the hospital in initiating the project are discussed below: Project delays: The project faced delay in procuring material to initiate the follow up actions for the plan. The management expected to attain the clinical resources and machines at a fixed time, but they were procured late due to which the follow up actions of the project were also completed late. Thus, this acted as a major risk for the company as the delay in procurement impacted the growth of the whole project (Clarke, 2010). Unavailability of information technology stopped the growth of the whole implementation plan. Further project delays, delayed the completion of the whole project due to which the contract terms were breached. This breachment acted as a risk for the new RAH project. Cost pressure: The State funded around $5.8 million for the project, but the management of the hospital did not worked according to the framework presented to the committee. The budget went underspent due to which the project review noted the cost pressure in delivering the ICT services by new RAH. Further, it was also noted by the auditor that a sum of $9.6 million was an unfunded budget cost which was questionable for the company. This, unknown cost pressure increased the risk factor for the company (Martinelli, Milosevic, 2016). Insufficient training of staff: It should be noted that the new information communication technology system was introduction in new RAH so as to increase the efficiency of the projected plan. But the employees who were handling the project were inefficient to the projected technology due to which the plan faced difficulties. The employees were not trained enough to handle the project, and ironically the whole project was based on innovation and use of new technology. So, resulting to which the success of the plan became impossible task (Yang, Huang, Wu, 2011). Thus, the employees working in project itself became a threat for new RAH. Industrial disputes: A dispute arose between both the parties who were a part of the contract. Due to cost pressure activities, the State lost the trust from the new RAH due to which industrial dispute arose and affected the growth of the project. Further, there was delay in the delivery of services to the hospital due to which risk attracted with the company (Aga, Noorderhaven, Vallejo, 2016). Apart from the risk attracting the growth of the project, it also included certain dependencies based on the contract. The new RAH information technology program was process by working with the ICT enterprise in order to attain a detailed and authentic view of the plan. Thus this process created an interdependent relationship of RAH on the ICT enterprise. As discussed above, that the company faced the risk of inefficient labour for the process due to which many different organizations were hired at differ levels of the project so as to provide completeness to the event and make its successful as well (Turner, 2016). After facing risks and challenges, a framework was designed and presented to the committee for the latter formulation of the project, for which efficient and effective resources were used from outside. Thus, at many areas contractual relationship with different companies was organized so as to succeed in the PPP event. Summary of key findings and identification of best practices The audit governance report included observations about the project governance, budget, procurement, risk management, contract administration etc. Through the governance of project it was review that the project was governed appropriately with the use of framework. The committee properly identified the flaw in the framework and corrected it in order to attain higher level of satisfaction. The business case was not completely monitored by the SA Health. Also there was a scope of improvement by the e Project Director to SA Health. Analyzing the budget, it should be summarized that the budget was not correctly made and implemented (Mignone, Hosseini, Chileshe, Arashpour, 2016). There issues in the finance report due to which there was a different between the expected and the actual amount of expenditure. The RAH ICT program faced cost pressure. But the scope of ICT worked in the program and it positively affected the activities in the project. The contingency information which was prov ided to the committee was insufficient due to which effectiveness of the decision of committee lost its scope. Further, there was scope of improvement in the process of documentation. The risk management activities were improved with the introduction of the framework (Barnett, Cross, Shahwan-Akl, Jacob, 2010). As the evidence related to risk were provided to the committee due to which their decisions became efficient and effective for the completion of the project. The in process of contract management lack of framework made it difficult for the officials to comply with all the contract related documentation. Further one of the most important key observations is that the State agreed to pay Project Co $68.6 million in exchange of the claims of the deed. Against the claims imposed on the hospital, the remediation settlement was made by paying $23.8 million (New Royal Adelaide Hospital report, 2015). Additionally talking about the best practices, it should be noted that the contract management appropriately acquired the strategic acquisition plan in order to succeed in their program. The best practices are those which resolve the challenge faced by the management in completion of the project and reduces the amount of risks as well (Hill, Bartol, 2016). For the procurement purpose, the management should prepare a forecasting report which should explain all the resources which are to be procured by the management. The employees should work according to the plan identified by the committee and it is the responsibility of the employees to inform the committee about all the issues and working of the project (DuBois, et. al., 2015). Talking about the roles and responsibilities of a project manager, it should be noted that the manager schedules the events and plans them accordingly. He also assess and manage the risk in a way that the budget is maintained and while costs are reduced. T hey also initiate communication in the organization and ensure that quality is not waived by any employee in the organization. Lastly, it should be noted that project management activities are fundamental to successful supply chain initiatives as the process of project management offers a good procurement plan for the proper execution of the project (Walker, 2015). Reflection journal From the analysis of the module 1, 2 and 3, I came to know about the ways in which an organization works. These modules provided me learnings which will definitely help me work as a professional in the external environment. The purpose of the module one was to introduce contracts and procurement process in the system. Information about contracts helped me to gain knowledge about the ways in which a contract should be adhered by two parties. A contract is only binding rule which connects the activities of two parties and on the basis of which one party can raise a claim on the activities of other party. Further, the procurement process helped me to understand the whole functioning of the event. As procurement is one of the more important aspect in a project, so the procurement process of the PPP project of New Royal Adelaide Hospital helped me in attaining information and step by step activities of the whole event. Project governance, leadership, organizational issues were just terms before the introduction of this module. But with the help of this module I gained in depth analysis of the whole process. Lastly, in my personal context, research and analysis are two most important aspects in the life of a professional and by studying these modules I gained the ability to evaluate the event and present a materialistic report as well. References Aga, D. A., Noorderhaven, N., Vallejo, B. (2016). Transformational leadership and project success: The mediating role of team-building.International Journal of Project Management,34(5), 806-818. Anantatmula, V. S. (2010). Project manager leadership role in improving project performance.Engineering Management Journal,22(1), 13-22. Barnett, T., Cross, M., Shahwan-Akl, L., Jacob, E. (2010). The evaluation of a successful collaborative education model to expand student clinical placements.Nurse Education in Practice,10(1), 17-21. Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Clarke, N. (2010). Emotional intelligence and its relationship to transformational leadership and key project manager competences.Project Management Journal,41(2), 5-20. DuBois, M., Hanlon, J., Koch, J., Nyatuga, B., Kerr, N. (2015). Leadership styles of effective project managers: Techniques and traits to lead high performance teams.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,7(1), 30. Hill, N. S., Bartol, K. M. (2016). Empowering leadership and effective collaboration in geographically dispersed teams.Personnel Psychology,69(1), 159-198. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Martinelli, R. J., Milosevic, D. Z. (2016).Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Meredith, J. R., Mantel Jr, S. J. (2011).Project management: a managerial approach. John Wiley Sons. Mignone, G., Hosseini, M. R., Chileshe, N., Arashpour, M. (2016). Enhancing collaboration in BIM-based construction networks through organisational discontinuity theory: a case study of the new Royal Adelaide Hospital.Architectural Engineering and Design Management,12(5), 333-352. New Royal Adelaide Hospital report, (2015). Report of the Auditor-General. Government of South Australia. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Walker, A. (2015).Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Yang, L. R., Huang, C. F., Wu, K. S. (2011). The association among project manager's leadership style, teamwork and project success.International journal of project management,29(3), 258-267.

The Increased Use of Genetically Modified Food Essay Example

The Increased Use of Genetically Modified Food Essay Genetically-modified foods (GM foods) have made a big splash in the news lately. European environmental organizations and public interest groups have been actively protesting against GM foods for months, and recent controversial studies about the effects of genetically-modified corn pollen on monarch butterfly caterpillars1, 2 have brought the issue of genetic engineering to the forefront of the public consciousness in the U. S. In response to the upswelling of public concern, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held three open meetings in Chicago, Washington, D. C. and Oakland, California to solicit public opinions and begin the process of establishing a new regulatory procedure for government approval of GM foods3. I attended the FDA meeting held in November 1999 in Washington, D. C. , and here I will attempt to summarize the issues involved and explain the U. S. governments present role in regulating GM food. What are genetically-modified foods? The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques.These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods can be very time consuming and are often not very accurate. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, can create plants with the exact desired trait very rapidly and with great accuracy. For example, plant geneticists can isolate a gene responsible for drought tolerance and insert that gene into a different plant.The new genetically-modified plant will gain drought tolerance as well. Not only can genes be transferred from one plant to another, but genes from non-plant organisms also can be used. The best known example of this is the use of B. t. gene s in corn and other crops. B. t. , or Bacillus thuringiensis, is a naturally occurring bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are lethal to insect larvae. B. t. crystal protein genes have been transferred into corn, enabling the corn to produce its own pesticides against insects such as the European corn borer.For two informative overviews of some of the techniques involved in creating GM foods, visit Biotech Basics (sponsored by Monsanto) http://www. biotechknowledge. monsanto. com/biotech/bbasics. nsf/index or Techniques of Plant Biotechnology from the National Center for Biotechnology Education http://www. ncbe. reading. ac. uk/NCBE/GMFOOD/techniques. What are some of the advantages of GM foods? The world population has topped 6 billion people and is predicted to double in the next 50 years. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a major challenge in the years to come.GM foods promise to meet this need in a number of ways: Pest resistan ceCrop losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers and starvation in developing countries. Farmers typically use many tons of chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do not wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potential health hazards, and run-off of agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the water supply and cause harm to the environment. Growing GM foods such as B. t. orn can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and reduce the cost of bringing a crop to market4, 5. Herbicide toleranceFor some crops, it is not cost-effective to remove weeds by physical means such as tilling, so farmers will often spray large quantities of different herbicides (weed-killer) to destroy weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process, that requires care so that the herbicide doesnt harm the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be resis tant to one very powerful herbicide could help prevent environmental damage by reducing the amount of herbicides needed.For example, Monsanto has created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be not affected by their herbicide product Roundup  ®6. A farmer grows these soybeans which then only require one application of weed-killer instead of multiple applications, reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste run-off7. Disease resistance There are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases. Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases8, 9.Cold toleranceUnexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings. An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato. With this antifreeze gene, these plants are able to tolerate cold temperatures that normally would kill unmodified seedlings10. (Note: I have not been able to find any journal art icles or patents that involve fish antifreeze proteins in strawberries, although I have seen such reports in newspapers. I can only conclude that nothing on this application has yet been published or patented. Drought tolerance/salinity toleranceAs the world population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers will need to grow crops in locations previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places11, 12. NutritionMalnutrition is common in third world countries where impoverished peoples rely on a single crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet.However, rice does not contain adequate amounts of all necessary nutrients to prevent malnutrition. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated. For example, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in third world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of golden rice containing an unusually high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A)13.Since this rice was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation14, a non-profit organization, the Institute hopes to offer the golden rice seed free to any third world country that requests it. Plans were underway to develop a golden rice that also has increased iron content. However, the grant that funded the creation of these two rice strains was not renewed, perhaps because of the vigorous anti-GM food protesting in Europe, and so this nutritionally-enhanced rice may not come to market at all15.PharmaceuticalsMedicines and vaccines often are costly to produce and sometimes require special storage conditions not readily available in third world countries. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes16, 17. These vaccines will be much easier to ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines. PhytoremediationNot all GM plants are grown as crops. Soil and groundwater pollution continues to be a problem in all parts of the world. Plants such as poplar trees have been genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil18.How prevalent are GM crops? What plants are involved? According to the FDA and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), there are over 40 plant varieties that have completed all of the federal requirements for commercialization (http://vm. cfsan. fda. gov/%7Elrd/biocon). Some examples of these plants include tomatoes and cantalopes that have modified ripening characteristics, soybeans and sugarbeets that are resistant to herbicides, and corn and cotton plants with increased resistance to insect pests.Not all these products are available in supermarkets yet; however, the prevalence of GM foods in U . S. grocery stores is more widespread than is commonly thought. While there are very, very few genetically-modified whole fruits and vegetables available on produce stands, highly processed foods, such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals, most likely contain some tiny percentage of genetically-modified ingredients because the raw ingredients have been pooled into one processing stream from many different sources.Also, the ubiquity of soybean derivatives as food additives in the modern American diet virtually ensures that all U. S. consumers have been exposed to GM food products. The U. S. statistics that follow are derived from data presented on the USDA web site at http://www. ers. usda. gov/briefing/biotechnology/. The global statistics are derived from a brief published by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) at http://www. isaaa. org/publications/briefs/Brief_21. htm and from the Biotechnology Industry Organization at http://www. bio. rg/foodag/1999Acreage. Thirteen countries grew genetically-engineered crops commercially in 2000, and of these, the U. S. produced the majority. In 2000, 68% of all GM crops were grown by U. S. farmers. In comparison, Argentina, Canada and China produced only 23%, 7% and 1%, respectively. Other countries that grew commercial GM crops in 2000 are Australia, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, and Uruguay. Soybeans and corn are the top two most widely grown crops (82% of all GM crops harvested in 2000), with cotton, rapeseed (or canola) and potatoes trailing behind. 4% of these GM crops were modified for herbicide tolerance, 19% were modified for insect pest resistance, and 7% were modified for both herbicide tolerance and pest tolerance. Globally, acreage of GM crops has increased 25-fold in just 5 years, from approximately 4. 3 million acres in 1996 to 109 million acres in 2000 almost twice the area of the United Kingdom. Approximately 99 million acres were devoted to GM crops in the U. S. and Argentina alone. In the U. S. , approximately 54% of all soybeans cultivated in 2000 were genetically-modified, up from 42% in 1998 and only 7% in 1996.In 2000, genetically-modified cotton varieties accounted for 61% of the total cotton crop, up from 42% in 1998, and 15% in 1996. GM corn and also experienced a similar but less dramatic increase. Corn production increased to 25% of all corn grown in 2000, about the same as 1998 (26%), but up from 1. 5% in 1996. As anticipated, pesticide and herbicide use on these GM varieties was slashed and, for the most part, yields were increased (for details, see the UDSA publication at http://www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aer786/). What are some of the criticisms against GM foods?Environmental activists, religious organizations, public interest groups, professional associations and other scientists and government officials have all raised concerns about GM foods, and criticized agribusiness for pursuing profit without concern for potential hazards, and the government for failing to exercise adequate regulatory oversight. It seems that everyone has a strong opinion about GM foods. Even the Vatican19 and the Prince of Wales20 have expressed their opinions. Most concerns about GM foods fall into three categories: environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic concerns. Environmental hazardsUnintended harm to other organismsLast year a laboratory study was published in Nature21 showing that pollen from B. t. corn caused high mortality rates in monarch butterfly caterpillars. Monarch caterpillars consume milkweed plants, not corn, but the fear is that if pollen from B. t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in neighboring fields, the caterpillars could eat the pollen and perish. Although the Nature study was not conducted under natural field conditions, the results seemed to support this viewpoint. Unfortunately, B. t. toxins kill many species of insect larv ae indiscriminately; it is not possible to design a B. . toxin that would only kill crop-damaging pests and remain harmless to all other insects. This study is being reexamined by the USDA, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other non-government research groups, and preliminary data from new studies suggests that the original study may have been flawed22, 23. This topic is the subject of acrimonious debate, and both sides of the argument are defending their data vigorously. Currently, there is no agreement about the results of these studies, and the potential risk of harm to non-target organisms will need to be evaluated further.Reduced effectiveness of pesticidesJust as some populations of mosquitoes developed resistance to the now-banned pesticide DDT, many people are concerned that insects will become resistant to B. t. or other crops that have been genetically-modified to produce their own pesticides. Gene transfer to non-target speciesAnother concern is that cr op plants engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds will cross-breed, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance genes from the crops into the weeds. These superweeds would then be herbicide tolerant as well.Other introduced genes may cross over into non-modified crops planted next to GM crops. The possibility of interbreeding is shown by the defense of farmers against lawsuits filed by Monsanto. The company has filed patent infringement lawsuits against farmers who may have harvested GM crops. Monsanto claims that the farmers obtained Monsanto-licensed GM seeds from an unknown source and did not pay royalties to Monsanto. The farmers claim that their unmodified crops were cross-pollinated from someone elses GM crops planted a field or two away.More investigation is needed to resolve this issue. There are several possible solutions to the three problems mentioned above. Genes are exchanged between plants via pollen. Two ways to ensure that non-target species will not r eceive introduced genes from GM plants are to create GM plants that are male sterile (do not produce pollen) or to modify the GM plant so that the pollen does not contain the introduced gene24, 25, 26. Cross-pollination would not occur, and if harmless insects such as monarch caterpillars were to eat pollen from GM plants, the caterpillars would survive.Another possible solution is to create buffer zones around fields of GM crops27, 28, 29. For example, non-GM corn would be planted to surround a field of B. t. GM corn, and the non-GM corn would not be harvested. Beneficial or harmless insects would have a refuge in the non-GM corn, and insect pests could be allowed to destroy the non-GM corn and would not develop resistance to B. t. pesticides. Gene transfer to weeds and other crops would not occur because the wind-blown pollen would not travel beyond the buffer zone.Estimates of the necessary width of buffer zones range from 6 meters to 30 meters or more30. This planting method may not be feasible if too much acreage is required for the buffer zones. Human health risks Allergenicity Many children in the US and Europe have developed life-threatening allergies to peanuts and other foods. There is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans was abandoned because of the fear of causing unexpected allergic reactions31.Extensive testing of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Labeling of GM foods and food products will acquire new importance, which I shall discuss later. Unknown effects on human healthThere is a growing concern that introducing foreign genes into food plants may have an unexpected and negative impact on human health. A recent article published in Lancet examined the effects of GM potatoes on the digestive tract in rats32, 33. This study claim ed that there were appreciable differences in the intestines of rats fed GM potatoes and rats fed unmodified potatoes.Yet critics say that this paper, like the monarch butterfly data, is flawed and does not hold up to scientific scrutiny34. Moreover, the gene introduced into the potatoes was a snowdrop flower lectin, a substance known to be toxic to mammals. The scientists who created this variety of potato chose to use the lectin gene simply to test the methodology, and these potatoes were never intended for human or animal consumption. On the whole, with the exception of possible allergenicity, scientists believe that GM foods do not present a risk to human health.Economic concerns Bringing a GM food to market is a lengthy and costly process, and of course agri-biotech companies wish to ensure a profitable return on their investment. Many new plant genetic engineering technologies and GM plants have been patented, and patent infringement is a big concern of agribusiness. Yet consu mer advocates are worried that patenting these new plant varieties will raise the price of seeds so high that small farmers and third world countries will not be able to afford seeds for GM crops, thus widening the gap between the wealthy and the poor.It is hoped that in a humanitarian gesture, more companies and non-profits will follow the lead of the Rockefeller Foundation and offer their products at reduced cost to impoverished nations. Patent enforcement may also be difficult, as the contention of the farmers that they involuntarily grew Monsanto-engineered strains when their crops were cross-pollinated shows. One way to combat possible patent infringement is to introduce a suicide gene into GM plants. These plants would be viable for only one growing season and would produce sterile seeds that do not germinate.Farmers would need to buy a fresh supply of seeds each year. However, this would be financially disastrous for farmers in third world countries who cannot afford to buy s eed each year and traditionally set aside a portion of their harvest to plant in the next growing season. In an open letter to the public, Monsanto has pledged to abandon all research using this suicide gene technology35. How are GM foods regulated and what is the governments role in this process? Governments around the world are hard at work to establish a regulatory process to monitor the effects of and approve new varieties of GM plants.Yet depending on the political, social and economic climate within a region or country, different governments are responding in different ways. In Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has announced that health testing of GM foods will be mandatory as of April 200136, 37. Currently, testing of GM foods is voluntary. Japanese supermarkets are offering both GM foods and unmodified foods, and customers are beginning to show a strong preference for unmodified fruits and vegetables.Indias government has not yet announced a policy on GM foods becaus e no GM crops are grown in India and no products are commercially available in supermarkets yet38. India is, however, very supportive of transgenic plant research. It is highly likely that India will decide that the benefits of GM foods outweigh the risks because Indian agriculture will need to adopt drastic new measures to counteract the countrys endemic poverty and feed its exploding population.Some states in Brazil have banned GM crops entirely, and the Brazilian Institute for the Defense of Consumers, in collaboration with Greenpeace, has filed suit to prevent the importation of GM crops39,. Brazilian farmers, however, have resorted to smuggling GM soybean seeds into the country because they fear economic harm if they are unable to compete in the global marketplace with other grain-exporting countries.